buy custom White Collar Criminal essay

buy custom White Collar Criminal essay Introduction This is the paper seeks to look into the high profile white collar criminal, Jeffrey skilling. Skilling was accused of many crimes including fraud, inside trading and crimes that were related to the collapse of Enron Corporation. He was found to be guilty of inside trading, conspiracy, making false statements to auditors and securities fraud. What sentence did Jeffrey Skillings initially receive? Jeffrey Skillings was sentenced to 24 years in prison at the initial sentence. He was sentenced for substantially jeopardizing the safety of a reputable financial institution. However, this was improper since there was no substantial evidence that Enron Corporation was a financial institution. The other initial sentenced that Jeffrey Skilings was sentenced for fraud, inside trading and crimes that were related to the collapse of Enron Corporation. He was sentenced in 2006 and is currently servicing a 24 year sentence for these charges. Jeffrey Skilling was sentenced and convicted on 19 to 28 counts of fraud and inside trading. He was not only sentenced to 24 years in prison but was also ordered to pay $630 million to the Government and a $ 180 fine on the same. A number of other employees pleaded guilty for the crimes committed at Enron Corporation and were found guilty and convicted for the crimes and giving false statements. Was this sentence appropriate for the crime or the harm done? This question has been asked by many people and answered by the same in different aspects but none of them seem to agree on whether or not the sentence was appropriate. Other people were in support of the sentence while others were against the sentence. According to many analyst, this sentence was an exaggeration or too much for such a petty crime. The indictments were basically on the fact that Stilling had probable knowledge of , and was likely involved with the fraudulent transactions with Enron Corporation. He was alleged to have sold shares with inside information on the status of Enron Corporation bankruptcy .Many people including Skillings attorneys protested against the in house court proceedings, citing that it would be an unfair trial but their protests fell on deaf ears. This is because an in house court sitting would not allow maximum media coverage. According to the wall street journal, on 17th June 2006, Skilling claimed that Enrons bankruptcy had affected him immensely to the extent of contemplating to commit suicide, he commented that the indictment had lifted his spirits and got him out of his depression. Many analysts wonder if this was true or simply a way to attract pity from the prosecution and judges. There are many aspects in this case that did not make sense, and many analysts wonder and ask if it was a fair trial. This is because most of Skillings requests were denied, including his request to remain free during the trial. This case was treated so harshly, it was worse that a murder trial. Many questions have emerged and many wonder if there was an underlying reason for such a harsh sentence apart from those that killings was initially accused of. This trial was not fair and the sentence was not appropriate for this crime at all. A sentence of 24 years and four months in prison for conspiracy, inside trading, making false statement to auditors and fraud is on the higher side. It was actually noted as serious frailties which ws not fair. However other analyst believes that this sentence was not enough for the crimes that Skillings committed, they suggest that the correct sentence would have been 35 years for all the 35 counts that he was accused of. They also attributed this sentence to Skillings wrong doing which needed maximum punishment. Jeffrey skilling was proved guilty for these crimes, which he denied being part of. The court proceedings were not fair on Skillings side. It was like attending a court that already knew the verdict before hearing of the case. The Government determined that the ruling was appropriate. Many readers and the people who carefully followed the Skilling case, found Skillings conviction ridiculous , they insisted that the punishment far outweighed the crimes that were committed. Some readers suggested that such a hard punishment was good in order to teach others like Skilling. Others actually thought that the sentence was too light and they suggested that for such a crime Skillings was better off getting a death penalty. However, the question is, does deception and corruption deserve a death penalty? How many people around the world are guilty of deception and corruption? Are they being sentenced for their crimes? Take for example; the politicians who are corrupt and deceptive? Have they ever been sentenced for this crime? It is therefore crystal clear that Skillings did not deserve such a conviction for a crime of corruption and deception. What was the outcome of the sentence in this case? In 2008, Jeffrey Skilling case was reviewed and quite a number of inconsistencies were discovered. The case was therefore reopened. Skillings attorneys argued that even if Skillings committed fraud or illegal financial misconduct, it was for the of purpose saving the company and he never profited from the gains. However, this approach provided a very narrow chance the killings original case ruling to be overturned. Analyst believe that Skillings only chance was to cite a court decision that threw out guilty verdicts of the three bankers that were accused of helping Skillings and Enron Corporation in committing the fraudulent activities. In 2010, the court of appeal finally agreed to listen to Skillings appeal on two controversial cases. The first case was based on the fraud statue title 18 of the United States code, section 1946.The main question that was put forward by Skillings defense team was on whether or not the honest servicerequred the Governments prove that was initially intended to achieve private gain. This simply means that the question was whether or not the Skillings involvement in the fraudulent activities of Enron Corporation was because of a honest service and not for private gain. The second argument was based on the issued on in house judging. The questions was how can we be satisfied that a fair jury was picked when the judge did not follow up when the witness said, am a victim of this crime?The Supreme Court made a ruling that saw the nullification of Skilling honest service fraud conviction. The court found that Skillings conviction had no grounds or justifications on bribe or kick back. The c ase was therefore ordered back to the lower courts for the review of the charges. Skillings defense team was however optimistic that the lower courts would have no option but to overturn the rulings. They were optimistic that soon Jeffrey Skilling would be a free man. That is yet to be seen, many peoplle, analyst and those who are affected by similar cases are patiently awaiting the final ruling of the lower courts. The ruling will defiantly set a precedent on all other similar cases. The case could however, take a turn for the worst if the lower case ruling does not over turn the judgment. In such a case analyst see a scenario that could mean or lead to a reduced charge of 15 to 20 years. Skillings defendants have stated that if this happens, they will be forced to go back to the appeal courts. This means that the sentenced was not completely reversed but was partially reversed on appeal. What is the comparison between the first outcomes of Skilling case to the fate of criminal defendants who were convicted? The United States court of appeal ruling will have a great impact and will greatly affect the fates of criminal defendants who are convicted. The high court will have to address the confusion on whether honest service will apply or will not apply. This case is more likely to be sent back to the circuit courts in order to reconsider. This hones stature argument will probably be used by many defenders and prosecutors on criminals who are convicted on the same grounds. The Supreme Court ruling simply said that the judgment of this case went too far. This could mean freedom for Jeffrey Skilling and many other criminal defendants who have been convicted on similar charges. This ruling has immensely compromised the main tool that is used by many prosecutors to go after corporate officials. However, many people including Skillings lawyers have seen this as a land mark victory. This is case will have a very big impact on other similar cases; the ruling will affect in a big way the rulings in other cases and the fate of criminal defendants who are convicted for the same. This case will end up disturbing and complicating the Governments practice of over criminalizing the conducts of those in the business sector that do not violate any criminal law to deserve such harsh treatments and convictions. The legality of the Skillings case will have an impact on the recipients and the participants in similar cases. In such a case the ruling will aid other rulings of similar nature until sustainable or alternative replacement a ruling is implemented. This ruling will provide information that cannot be obtained elsewhere. And the provisions of the information will guide the other cases to contribute to positive rulings on related fates of criminals who are convicted of the same. Therefore, the outcome of this case will contribute to positive, social and environmental change on the ability of Governments and other policy makers to make more careful decisions on such cases. This can be categorized as cause for supporting other outcomes of such cases. The outcome of this case is an inspiration to all other outcomes of other cases. All other similar cases will need to be assessed on the same level or at higher level but in the same precedent. Conclusion The first time the Jeffrey Skilling case was heard, majority of the newspapers read; Guilty! Guilty! Guilty! Jeffrey Skilling was actually convicted long before the case hearings began. Every one, every newspaper, every Television station convicted him. The deep wounds from the collapse of Enron Corporation affected the employees, the family and the friends of Jeffrey Skilling and continue to do so. His release or trial could release or retrial could cause outrage. Thus the case of Jeffrey Skilling of Enron will continue to draw interest, concern and other many reactions for many days or years to come. Buy custom White Collar Criminal essay

The Tudors - The Tudor Dynasty of England

The Tudors - The Tudor Dynasty of England The Tudors are the most famous English royal dynasty, their name remaining at the forefront of European history thanks to films and television. Of course, the Tudors wouldn’t feature in the media without something to grab people’s attention, and the Tudors - Henry VII, his son Henry VIII and his three children Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth, only broken by the nine-day rule of Lady Jane Grey - comprise two of England’s most famous monarchs, and three of the most highly regarded, each with plenty of fascinating, sometimes inscrutable, personality. The Tudors are also important for their actions as much as their reputations. They ruled England during the era when Western Europe moved from the medieval to the early modern, and they instituted changes in government administration, the relationship between crown and people, the image of the monarchy and the way people worshiped. They also oversaw a golden age of English writing and exploration. They represent both a golden age (a term still in use as a recent film about Elizabeth I showed) and an era of infamy, one of the most divisive families in Europe. Origins of the Tudors The history of the Tudors can be traced back to the thirteenth century, but their rise to prominence began in the fifteenth. Owen Tudor, a Welsh landowner, fought in the armies of King Henry V of England. When Henry died, Owen married the widow, Catherine of Valois, and then fought in the service of her son, Henry VI. At this time, England became divided by a struggle for the English throne between two dynasties, Lancastrian and York, called The Wars of the Roses. Owen was one of Henry VI’s Lancastrians; after the battle of Mortimer’s Cross, a Yorkist victory, Owen was executed. Taking the Throne Owen’s son, Edmund, was rewarded for his family’s service by being raised to the Earl of Richmond by Henry VI. Crucially for his later family, Edmund married Margaret Beaufort, great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, son of King Edward III, a tenuous but vital claim to the throne. Edmund’s only child Henry Tudor  led a rebellion against King Richard III and defeated him at Bosworth Field, taking the throne himself as a descendant of Edward III. Henry, now Henry VII, married the heir to the House of York, effectively ending the Wars of the Roses. There would be other rebels, but Henry stayed secure. Henry VII Having defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, gained parliamentary approval and married a member of his rival family, Henry was crowned king. He took part in diplomatic negotiations to secure his position, making agreements at both home and abroad, before instituting a reform of government, increasing royal administrative control and improving the royal finances. On his death, he left a stable kingdom and a wealthy monarchy. He had fought hard politically to establish himself and his family against the doubters and bring England together behind him. He has to go down as a major success but one totally overshadowed by his son and grandchildren. Henry VIII The most famous English monarch of all, Henry VIII is best known for his six wives, the result of a desperate drive to produce healthy male heirs to carry the Tudor dynasty forward. Another consequence of this need was the English Reformation, as Henry split the English Church away from the Pope and Catholicism in order to divorce. Henry’s reign also saw the emergence of the Royal Navy as a powerful force, changes in government which bound the monarch tighter to parliament, and perhaps the apogee of personal rule in England. He was succeeded by his only surviving son, Edward VI. Its the wives that capture the headlines, particularly as two were executed and the religious developments divided England for centuries, leading to a question that just cannot be agreed upon: was Henry VIII a tyrant, a great leader, or somehow both? Edward VI The son which Henry VI much desired, Edward inherited the throne as a boy and died only six years later, his reign having been dominated by two ruling councilors, Edward Seymour, and then John Dudley. They carried on the Protestant Reformation, but Edward’s strong Protestant faith has led to speculation he’d have carried things further if he had lived. He is the great unknown in English history and could have changed the future of the nation in remarkable ways, such was the era. Lady Jane Grey Lady Jane Grey is the great tragic figure of the Tudor era. Thanks to the machinations of John Dudley, Edward VI was initially succeeded by Lady Jane Grey, fifteen-year-old great-granddaughter of Henry VII and devout Protestant. However, Mary, although Catholic, had far greater support, and Lady Jane’s supporters swiftly changed their allegiances. She was executed in 1554, having done little personally beyond being used by others as a figurehead. Mary I Mary was the first queen to rule England in her own right. A pawn of potential marriage alliances in her youth, although none came to fruition, she was also declared illegitimate when her father, Henry VIII, divorced her mother Catherine, and was only later brought back into the succession. On taking the throne, Mary took part in an unpopular marriage to Philip II of Spain and returned England to the Catholic faith. Her actions in bringing back the heresy laws and executing 300 Protestants earned her the nickname Bloody Mary. But Marys life isnt just a tale of religious killing. She was desperate for an heir, resulting in a false but very advanced pregnancy, and as a woman fighting to rule a nation, broke the barriers Elizabeth later walked through. Historians are now assessing Mary in a new light. Elizabeth I Henry VIII’s youngest daughter, Elizabeth survived the plotting which threatened Mary, and which, in turn, cast doubt on the young princess, to become Queen of England when she might have been executed. One of the nation’s most highly regarded monarchs, Elizabeth returned the country to the Protestant faith, fought wars against Spain and Spanish-backed forces to protect England and other Protestant nations, and cultivated a powerful image of herself as a virgin queen wedded to her nation. She remains masked to historians, her true feelings and thoughts hidden away. Her reputation as a great ruler is faulty, as she relied far more on dithering and her inbuilt difficulty in making decisions than canny judgment.​ End of the Tudor Dynasty None of Henry VIII’s children had any lasting offspring of their own, and when Elizabeth I died, she was the last of the Tudor monarchs; she was followed by James Stuart from Scotland, the first of the Stuart dynasty and a descendant of Henry VIII’s eldest sister, Margaret. The Tudors passed into history. And yet they have enjoyed a considerable afterlife, and remain among the most famous monarchs in the world.

Bad habits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bad habits - Essay Example This is what I am learning right now in my current relationship. I have developed a bad habit that is so shocking I am hesitant to write about it here. It began several months ago and this habit is starting to make me think I might actually have some sort of obsession or addiction. My bad habit is sneaking peeks in my boyfriend’s phone. I’m sure that you are thinking that this really isn’t such a big deal and that I shouldn’t feel so bad about it. But the fact is I do feel badly, and I think you will understand why once you see how this one bad habit is starting to take over my life. I have been with my current boyfriend for nearly a year and I love his company. We always have such a good time and he is so incredibly hot. I can’t believe how gorgeous this guy is some times. I know that I am attractive, but my boyfriend could be a model. I had to get used to the fact that everywhere we went, other girls were going to be checking him out. He is very p opular, so we can’t go anywhere without him running into old girlfriends or girls that would love to be his current girlfriend instead of me. At first I thought all of this was very flattering. I had the guy that lots of other girls wanted. But after a while, I started to feel insecure. That is when the trouble began. The first time I looked into his phone is still very bright in my memory. He had forgotten the phone at my place after visiting one afternoon. I couldn’t resist. I picked up the phone three or four times before opening it up. At first I was curious. I just started to look through his photos. I was glad to see that he had a picture of me on his screen and that I was featured in more of his galleries than any other girl. But then I noticed that there was a blonde girl that was in almost as many photos as me. I didn’t recognize her and he never described her to me. I immediately grew suspicious and jealous. I simply had to check his messages. I snoope d through his messages but didn’t find any clues about the blonde girl. I didn’t find any evidence that he was cheating. I was relieved, but also angry because I didn’t know whom the blonde girl was. He came to pick up the phone and I didn’t let on that I had snooped. Now all I can think about is finding out who this blonde girl is that my boyfriend has in his phone. I have tried to find out about her by bringing up the blonde friend without letting on that I saw her in his phone. So far he hasn’t given me any clues. I am concerned because this bad habit is starting to negatively affect my life in two ways. The first way it is affecting my life is my boyfriend and I seem to be fighting all of the time now. He is constantly asking me what is wrong and I can’t tell him because he will know I snooped in his phone. The sad fact is that since my first peek, I have gone through his phone at least a dozen times. I just can’t stop until I fin d out who this mystery girl is. The second way this is affecting my life is I have started doing this with all of my girlfriends. I have been showing them how to find out things about their boyfriends by snooping in their phones. I have actually gone out with some of these friends and staked out their boyfriend’s house so they can tell if he is cheating or not. I can’

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 4

Strategic management - Essay Example Henry Ford founded the company with many innovations introduced to the ways products were manufactured. One of these is the best-known model T of mass production, the moving assembly line – which is actually composed of conveyor belts – where time of work was reduced (Goh & Garg, 2008, p. 57). Ford revolutionized the car industry, paid higher wages to factory workers, and made cars affordable to anyone. (Purvis, 1997) Ford became a multinational corporation in 1970 but was predominantly operating in North America with subsidiaries in major markets in countries like Britain, Germany or Australia. These subsidiaries however have their own manufacturing plants. In Britain, the most popular Ford in the Cortina. With intense globalisation, the Ford organisation started to restructure internationally. In Europe, Ford was consolidated with further product development and designs which were originally European. Ford manufactured cars of different designs. (Grant, 2005, p. 440) In the UK, Ford is the biggest in the automobile industry with over 550 dealers across the United Kingdom and employing about 35,000 people. In its website, it says that it currently sells 440,000 vehicles annually, with Ford Focus as the car most Britons love. (Ford Motor Company, 2010) In the United States, Ford is now best known for its cars, trucks, crossovers and SUVs (Ford, 2010). In 2008, Ford was adjudged by Standard and Poor’s as the world’s second largest motor vehicle manufacturer, producing cars and trucks, including plastic and glass parts of the cars they make, and including replacement parts. Ford has a 33% stake in Mazda Motor Corp. Financial services include Ford Motor Credit (automotive financing and insurance) and American Road Insurance. Ford has a big share in the world market. It has ventured in many countries, trying to feel its presence even in China, which is the fastest growing market in the automobile

Exploring Change in The Allegory of the Cave, and The Myth of Sisyphus :: Allegory Sisyphus

Exploring Change in The Allegory of the Cave, and The Myth of Sisyphus      Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  The Allegory of the Cave, and The Myth of Sisyphus, are both attempts at explaining some aspect of the way people think or why humans do as observed. Both stories illustrate the same idea:   without necessary and proper exposure to change, thinking is limited and ignorance is the direct product.    The Allegory of the Cave is a parable that demonstrates how humans are afraid of change and what they do not know.   In this work, Plato suggests a situation in which men are living in an underground cave.   The one entrance is located near the top and there, a burning fire casts shadow.   The men of the cave are chained so that they can only see the wall and cannot turn around.   When objects pass by it creates a shadow on the wall.   The shadows are the only thing they can see and therefore is the only thing they know to exist (747).   Somehow one of them gets loose and wanders outside the cave (748).   When he gets out, he is astonished at what he finds.   He comes back in to tell the others about what he saw.   The other men think he is mad and plot to kill him (749).   This illustrates how fear, inherent in the primitive nature of man, only serves to promote his ignorance.   Today a leading cause of stress is change; a change in your job, lifestyle, or significant others can cause stress.   Many Americans are living longer and discovering, as a result, that the learning process can never really be allowed to stop.   To be successful or sometimes even just to maintain a comfortable existence, one must adapt to the rapidly changing order.   Acknowledging that there is more that needs knowing and embarking on new educational journeys requires courage and fortitude, due to man’s inherent nature of fear.   Persons of the best natures must be compelled to attain a more complete knowledge, and those of this more complete education must expose the others to the realities of â€Å" the beautiful, the just, and the good† (752).   Often the path of explanation and clarification is unsure, but confining thought to merely the realms of the known can only prove fatal.   Individuals who currently oppose technological advances and also oppose the furthering of research mirror the cave dwellers who, out of fear, ridicule the newly enlightened wanderer.

Commerce Case Study Report

The following report looks at the increase of Sexual Harassment claims within Corporate Australia that have been lodged with the Australian Human Rights Commission over the last decade. David Jones Pty Ltd and Pricewaterhouse Cooper are two prevalent cases which have attracted negative media with regard to Sexual Harassment, and this report utilises both Risk Management and Egoism Theories to scrutinise various impacts, responsibilities and recommendations for Individuals, Organisations and Society. Organisational and Societal culture is identified as the primary contributing factor of workplace Sexual Harassment, and it is identified within the report that further Legislation and workplace risk management approaches need to be enacted if the increase is to be addressed. Methods of workplace mechanisms to curtail the increase have been listed as induction, training, and facilitation of workplace change. Prompt and decisive action is also necessary to address issues when raised. Societal culture also is identified as requiring change through Legislation, and the requirement for male persons of political, social and organisational power to lead the cultural change management process. It is this reports’ recommendation that further review of Legislation and workplace practices be urgently undertaken with a view to reduce the steadily rising number of reported workplace Sexual Harassment claims within Corporate Australia. Figure [ 1 ]: Australian Human Rights Commission Statistics Over the past decade there has been a continual increase in the prevalence of sexual harassment in the workplace. The Australian Human Rights Commission (2010) statistics (Figure 1) demonstrate a steady increase in reported cases of sexual harassment from 2000 to 2009. In 2007 a former executive of Pricewaterhouse Coopers filed legal suit against her previous employer alleging she was sexually harassed by an executive, Mr Edwards. She sought $11 million compensation for damages, loss of earnings and other compensation (Australian Associated Press, 2008). When Ms Rich raised the issue of her sexual harassment with senior management, senior executives responded by placing her on access restrictions, banning her from the office, allocating clients to other partners, and reducing her salary (Clifton, 2007). A settlement between $5 and $6 million was reached on 20 March 2008. Pricewaterhouse Coopers continue to deny the claims, however, each party has accepted that the opposing party had their own perspectives, but would not accept the other as completely accurate (Moran, 2008). More recent evidence of Sexual Harassment in Corporate Australia attracting negative media attention is the case of Kristy Fraser-Kirk vs. David Jones Pty Ltd initiated earlier this year claiming compensation of $37 million for alleged incidences of sexual harassment by former CEO Mark McInnes. The key difference between the two cases highlighted within this report is, in response to Fraser-Kirks’ allegations and intense media scrutiny, McInnes resigned. He claims his resignation was for the benefit of the company and his family. Harrison (2005) argues that many will view this approach to ethical decision making as the antithesis of â€Å"ethical†. This legal case is still before the courts. Notably, in both highlighted cases above, organisational culture is demonstrated to largely consist of sexual harassment and discrimination. Alarmingly, statistics and media attention have highlighted these allegations are not isolated. Corporate Australia requires immediate attention to stem the steady increase of sexual harassment. Alexander and Lewer (1998) state there is â€Å"significant interaction between industrial relations practices and the economy† demonstrating linkages between individuals, organisations and society that must be addressed. Impact on Individuals, Organisations and Society Individuals – the key impact is often emotional. A victim or sexual harassment may lose the ability to attain premium quality of life, when compared to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs as described by Turner (1995): * Physiological – increased stress levels, mental health, decreased sense of self worth, as well as creating many other health issues. Safety – Career focus can be destroyed, income reduced through absenteeism or loss of employment, affecting the level of security one may have. * Belonging – feelings of violation and isolation and decreased sense of value. This view is noted by Weisberg (1996, pg 725) quoting Lin Farley â€Å"the abuse also impacts destructively [by] disrupting female job attachment, promoting female unemployment and inhibiting female solidarity. † * Esteem – as a result of a lack of belonging and lack of reliable income, the self worth and the value placed by colleagues and employer is decreased. Lengthy legal battles impact on an individual’s financial stability whilst media scrutiny impacts on individual esteem and adds pressure on family and other relationships. * Self Actualization – states that to achieve self-actualization, all other needs must be met first. Therefore, by limiting the ability to meet all other needs of the Hierarchy, sexual harassment limits one’s ability to become self actualized. Sexual harassment impacts both the victim and the perpetrator. The credibility and seniority of many of the perpetrators can be decreased. The accusations can lead to loss of integrity in the workplace and subsequent decreases to job opportunities and future earning capability. Organisations – costs to organisations can be both internal and external. Some primary issues are listed below. * Loss of revenue. Due to media and public scrutiny and disapproval of conduct, sales may decrease. * Increases in operating expenditures. There is a range of causal factors for increases in operating expenses. Staff absenteeism and lack of productivity of staff due to ongoing internal and media investigations into the allegations. Increased expenses for insurances. Public relations campaigns to negate media damage to company branding and sales. Increases in recruitment costs due to staff movements to more favourable work cultures and other organisations. * Impacts to other organisations such as Insurance Industry, Government and their resultant use of resources such as Hospitals, Police Services, Court systems, and Mediation services. * Corporate Australia as a whole is impacted with each allegation, as financial measures are taken to minimise the risks of occurrence within their own businesses. Financial costs such as Insurance levies rise, as do taxes to support the Government in its efforts to minimise occurrences, assist the victims, and finalise the claims through Court systems. Status or power differentials occur due to employee composition and sex ratios. * Expense is incurred as internal review committees are formed to critically analyse company Harassment, Anti-Discrimination, Risk Management and Critical Incident Policies and review and implement all recommended measures. Society – Impacts upon society are the changes to societal culture, awareness and drainage of public resources. Medical resources are accessed due to the impact on individuals, as are legal systems due to litigation instigated by the victims. Media outlets and organisational public relations campaigns attempt to influence societal responses and opinions. At the present stage of sexual harassment in Australia, there is a Spotlight focused on Australian Corporate culture making society consider their own workplace experiences and explore their rights. This exploration inevitably leads to questioning of our legal system and its support for worker’s rights and anti-discrimination legislation which currently underpins society. The Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 states, in Section 8, that â€Å"an employer must ensure the health, safety and welfare at work of all the employees of the employer†. Society then becomes disconnected and disbelieving of the Government’s ability to uphold societal law and value systems. Where many Corporate Australian businesses have global operations, society suffers further through both reduced global economic trade and a stigma of cultural discrimination. Whilst our pursuit of equality in all forms is held tenaciously in the balance buy which side the Media will back, in many cases – forcing public viewpoints from the rational to the superficial. Societal views of the inherent subordinate role of women within the workforce, and the disproportionate power and dominance of a male role is perpetuated and enforced. Risk Management Theoretical Perspective Risk is an unavoidable element of life. It is a perceived or real possibility that an unfavourable outcome (such as loss or harm) could result from taking a particular action (Rescher, 1983). There are three stages in determining a risk, and it’s worth (Rescher, 1983): * Choice of action – what action is to be undertaken. * Negativity of outcome – what risk is inherent to the action. What other options are available to pursue. * Chance of realisation – the probability of risk actually occurring. Risk can be managed in a variety of ways, depending on the risk at hand, and the expense which is willing to be incurred. When a company implements a risk management process, they follow three basic rules – â€Å"The Cardinal Rules of Risk Taking†: (Rescher, 1983) * Maximise expected values (see graphs) Avoid catastrophes * Dismiss extremely unrealistic possibilities When applied within the context of Sexual Harassment in the Workplace the two organisational viewpoints for the management of risk will be: * Take out Insurance * Create a Sexual Harassment Policy Insurance will not prevent the possibility of the occurance of sexual harassment, it will only cushion economic implications (Rescher, 1983). This is designed to enable the organisation to continue operating in the event of an allegation occuring. The creation of an Organisational Sexual Harassment Policy however, will have a far greater impact on prevention of such behaviour if enforced and promulgated throughout the company. It should also provide guidance is resolution of issues and denote penalties or risks to perpetrators as well as support mechanisms for victims. Absence of a policy could be used as evidence that an employee has authority to engage in misconduct, and make the employer liable (Pearson, 1997). When defining a sexual harassment policy, Warfel and Query (2004) state that the organisation must: * Define their meaning of sexual harassment Provide examples of what they consider sexual harassment * An explicit statement that sexual harassment will not be tolerated. * Explanation on how claims will be dealt with * A statement that retaliatory action will not be tolerated * A statement that corrective action will be taken After creating a Sexual Harassment policy it is vital that the policy be communicated, understood and upheld at all levels of the organisation on a regular basis through training, induction and displayed within organisational culture (Pearson, 1997). If claims are made, it is crucial they are investigated and appropriate action taken under the policy. All members of an organisation should be compliant under the policy. Egoism Theoretical Perspective Gibson (2007) comments that â€Å"an egoist would say that one should put one’s own interests and concerns above those of others, regardless of external ethical standards†. This statement is critical if we are to understand Egoism. The concept that we all operate within a sense of self interested morality explains at some levels the complex nature of perpetrators of sexual harassment. It provides a level of understanding along the lines of â€Å"only the strong survive† which is highlighted by Catherine Mackinnon in Weisburg (2010, p726) where â€Å"every incidence of sexual harassment reproduces the inequitable social structure of male supremacy and female subordination which [anti-discrimination legislation] seeks to eliminate. † This level of thinking is the crux of the societal damage caused by the increasing trend towards incidences of sexual harassment within Corporate Australia, where it is perceived only the strong and ruthless survives. The David Jones Pty Ltd’s recent case can be compared with Machiavelli’s (1515) observation that â€Å"a bold leader should acquire and use power to his personal advantage by whatever means possible†. Applying Egoism Theory to the perpetrators of sexual harassment, it can be found that the basic human temptation to take what is wanted or is a perceived â€Å"right†, overrides any awareness or application of Risk Management Theory. It appears that their status or power will effectively protect them, or that the victim inherently will wish to increase their status by accepting these advances. This is ratified by Shaw et al (2009, pg 59) regarding Firestone Tyres where it is stated by a company spokesperson â€Å"†¦. policy was to ask for corrections only when it was beneficial to the company to do so†. The action of Pricewaterhouse Cooper, and David Jones, is reflective of Egoism theory as stated by the Firestone Tyres spokesperson. When incidences of harassment occurred, they appear to have negated their own internal policies and risk management mechanisms, and responded in an Egoist manner. Responsibilities of Individuals, Organisations and Society Victims have a responsibility to report and demand action against illegal activity. This in turn empowers others to feel supported and understood which is demonstrated by the other women who most likely wouldn’t have spoken out about their experience had Fraser-Kirk not done so herself. It also enables change within the workplace, legal systems and ultimately society at large. It is understood that most sexual harassment cases go unreported with the victim instead simply leaving the workplace. This creates an opportunity for perpetrators, as silence is regarded as complicity and acceptance of the behavior. Victims also have a responsibility to act appropriately within their employment contracts and honestly report all incidences of workplace sexual harassment. Individuals must adhere to company policy as well as acknowledge and respect colleague’s rights with regard to relevant workplace policies and legislation. This action will contribute to a positive work culture. Perpetrators are often in a position of power and have an inherent responsibility to lead by example. In the case of Mr McInnes and Mr Edwards, neither man behaved in this manner, thus perpetuating a workplace culture of acceptance, and a perception of â€Å"do as I say, not as I do†. Organisations have a legal responsibility to act in the best interest of all staff and executives, however organizations have a duty of care to ensure that relevant workplace legislation pertaining to the welfare of employees is effectively communicated and enshrined within workplace practices. The best way to do this is to lead by example and ensure that breaches are swiftly and efficiently dealt with. Society itself has many responsibilities to uphold regarding sexual harassment. Society has the power to support ethical and responsible acts to uphold integrity within Corporate Australia. They have the power to influence organizations, legislation and Government to adopt risk management practices rather than egoism in order to maintain a positive brand image. Society can influence good corporate citizenship by enforcing individual, and organisational, accountabilities and responsibilities. Recommendation to Individuals, Organisations and Society It is strongly recommended that individuals continue to pursue their individual and workplace rights in order to work towards actual realisation as according to Maslow. Reporting, and supporting those who do, is an integral component of a workplace free from harassment. They additionally have a responsibility contribute to a workplace free from discrimination by participating in, and adhering to, workplace training programs and policies. Within organisations, it is recommended that the sexual harassment policy be maintained as separate to any anti-discrimination policies with a built in grievance procedure and validation process. Any complaints should be dealt with swiftly and supportively with real consequences for perpetrators, such as probation, demotion or termination. These processes should be communicated to staff on induction to the organisation and throughout their careers by mandatory training and awareness programs, with employees and executives having to sign on receipt of training and policy documents. It is imperative that risk management practices be applied in favour of egoistic approaches if the organisational culture is to support a change within the organisational culture. Organisational change can only be accomplished if it is championed from those with the ultimate power. It is the responsibility of the executive board to drive this change for the benefit of all, the reduction or elimination of sexual harassment practices will ultimately decrease absenteeism and staff turnover due to harassment, and increase morale and productivity. Society too, has a responsibility to ensure equality in every aspect of their lives by teaching our children that gender does not determine worth. We further have a responsibility to petition for change in legislation, and hold Corporate Australia responsible for its actions. As consumers we hold great power and this can be used to influence and support company responsibilities. Conclusion It is this reports finding that an egoist societal and organisational culture is directly linked with the increase in sexual harassment cases lodged with the Australian Human Rights Commission. It further finds that adoption of a risk management perspective for the protection of individual, organisational and societal well being is necessary to ensure fundamental rights, responsibilities and legislation is upheld. Whilst it is understood that organisational culture needs to be specifically targeted to reduce incidences of sexual harassment in the workplace, the significance of a male driven response to the prevalence of sexual harassment within Corporate Australia cannot be overlooked. This is highlighted by Elizabeth Broderick, Sex Discrimination Commissioner where she states â€Å"we should recognise the importance of men’s role in promoting gender equality in workplaces. I firmly believe that we will only see significant gains when men start working with men to solve this problem. After all it is men who dominate nearly every institution in this country, particularly in our workplaces. If there is to be change, male CEOs and business leaders must champion it. We need men taking up the advocacy mantle and leading by example. †

Abortion Persuasive Essay - 736 Words

On January 22, 1973 the U.S Supreme court issued its ruling in favor of abortion rights. The decision was 7-2, it stated that it showed a â€Å"right of privacy.†Abortions have been performed for thousands of years all around the world, even though many women died from it. Women nowadays have a choice of whether they want to get an abortion. Abortions do come with risk, one of them being death, but women should still have a right and say what they want to do with pregnancy and not be judged by others for doing so. Today the debate across the world is if abortion should be banned because it’s inhumane or if it gives women the right to do what they want with their body. About an estimated 90,185 rapes were reported in 2015, out of those there†¦show more content†¦Being able to get an abortion should be your right without being judged for it. Abortion shouldn’t be a contraceptive method but it should be an option if the method you used failed. Women choose to have an abortion because they aren’t financially stable to support a child. In Reasons US Women Have Abortions: Quantitative and Qualitative Perspectives, by Lawrence B. Finer, Lori F. Frohwirth, they stated that â€Å"42% of women having abortions are below the federal poverty level.† They also conducted a survey asking women who had abortions and they found â€Å" 73% of respondents said they could not afford to have a baby, and 38% said giving birth would interfere with their education and career goals.† Pro-life supporters often look at the emotional and physical distress it causes to have an abortion but even this has been proven untrue. They argue that abortion is an unsafe procedure that can result in many health issue, one being infertility and even death. Of course every procedure has its risks but in 2012 only four women died after having an abortion. They also believe abortion causes mental problems for the mom, saying she may feel guilty for †Å"killing† her unborn child. This can lead to depression and anxiety which can be hard to deal with. A study in 2013 found that women who didn’t get abortion said they felt â€Å"more anger and regret† and that 95% of women who had an abortion felt it was â€Å"the right decision.† AbortionShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay About Abortion993 Words   |  4 Pagesin two peoples perspectives. The story consisted of a daughter (Deb) and mother’s perspective after the death of her father. The purpose of this layout is to show how they are both grieving in individual ways. Writing for the persuasive was presented as an essay on why abortion should be accessible in every country, and to also outline the shame women receive. Purpose Purpose for writing publication- Purpose for writing a real-estate article was to inform a potential buyer on the house showed. AlsoRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pages To begin with, there has always been an extensive issue with the topic of abortion, why? Well, it’s a tough subject and can get extremely emotional and very defensive. Honestly, people just need to open up their eye’s and understand that its murder and not just a choice. It is murder because two can create a blessing and the choice of aborting it, is more like a sacrifice for the reason a mother can’t carry a baby for nine months. Whether a person is a minor, young adult, or an adult and is inRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay755 Words   |  4 Pagesinstead these babies are torn limb by limb, burned, and many other tortuous methods to end the precious life. Abortion is murder and is not only very cruel to the unborn baby but it also harms the mother. Pro-choice is an escape from the harsh reality that a baby is being murdered, and in my eyes a life should only be terminated if God himself is ready to call them home. One reason why abortion is wrong is because they are many other safe solutions that would give the child a chance at life. AdoptionRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion917 Words   |  4 PagesAbortions in Texas consist of ending a pregnancy of an unborn child before it can live out of the mother womb. However if the pregnancy ends not on purpose before the twenty four week mark then technically it would be considered a miscarriage. Though inducing the abortion on purpose has caused a lot of controversy over the past century. Deliberately putting people on one of two sides of this issues, of either being for it, which would be considered Pro Choice. Or in the other category of the ProRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1635 Words   |  7 Pagessolve this issue the option of abortion was brought to the forefront by scientists and advocates such as Dan Savage who mentioned that abortion should be mandatory for the next 30 years in or to control the population. (Ertlet) For countri es such as the U.S. with a growth rate being 1.6%, the proposal of widespread abortion is highly recommended as mentioned by obstetricians and gynecologists. (MumfordKessel) Who now leaves the question as to if the option of abortion should be used as a means ofRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1228 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion pregnancies each year in the United States, 1.6 million end up in abortion† (Hern). Because of the numerous traumatic psychological, physical, and overall irresponsible behavior or actions constantly encouraged due to abortion, it should be banned, and forever illegal. Killing one’s own fetus has been linked to psychological distress which has been channeled into many different cases of substance abuse. â€Å"Induced abortion has been linked to increased rates of substance abuse, especially amongRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay804 Words   |  4 Pagesfamily with someone. Often times accidents happen in which people didn’t plan for, and can lead to many financial problems or neglect of one’s child because the parents weren’t prepared to be parents. This is why there should be the option of abortion. Abortion needs to be an option for everyone because it helps from long lasting mental states, infection, economical problems, and or having conceived from a non consensual circumstance. Pregnancy is a hard and unforgiving to the woman’s body. In factRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion954 Words   |  4 Pagesand nations who destroy life by abortion and euthanasia are the poorest. I do not say legal or illegal, but I think that no human hand should be raised to kill life, since life is God’s life in us, even in an unborn child.† Do you know what abortion really is? Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing a fetus or embryo before it can survive outside the uterus. Abortion seems to be more common in today’s society. Numerous amounts of individuals support abortion, and do not realize how it affectsRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1321 Words   |  6 Pagessomeone who may be suicidal or who is suicidal himself/herself. As for taking away fetus’ lives, the damage that abortion makes on life can be proven with the statistics. According to Casey, â€Å"over the past 44 years, one-sixth (60,000,000) of the American population has been killed by elective abortion. Twenty-five percent of African-Americans are killed in the womb America,† (Should Abortion Be Legal n.p.). The figure 60,000,000 is a depressing number considering that these children could have been futureRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion723 Words   |  3 Pagescontraception I want to discuss is sterilization. For an idea that is so broadly accepted in private, contraception certainly generates a lot of opposition when discussed in public. Some people think when we talk about contraception that it’s code for abortion. It’s obviously not the same thing. Let’s be honest, people are just uncomfortable with the topic because it’s about sex. And sex talk in this country is kept on the hush even though we are sold sex via advertising left and right. Some people worry